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Essential Fish Habitat
Imperative Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. Ersus. Congress in the 1996 amendments to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Resource efficiency and Management Act, or perhaps Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate important to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity. "|1| Implementing regulations clarified that waters include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate includes the associated biological residential areas that make these areas appropriate for fish habitats, and the information and identification of EFH should include habitats used any time during the species' life circuit.|2| EFH contains all types of aquatic habitat, just like wetlands, coral reefs, sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management councils to designate EFH using the best available scientific info. EFH has been described for over a 1, 000 managed types to date.|4| The key purpose of EFH regulations is usually to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non angling impacts on EFH towards the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Take action was amended to establish a brand new requirements to identify and explain EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the advantage of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act provides jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine fish species. Federal agencies must consult with NOAA Fisheries once their actions or activities may adversely affect an environment identified by federal local fishery management councils or perhaps NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On January 19, 1997, interim final rules were published inside the Federal Register (Vol. sixty two, No . 244) which stipulate procedures for implementation from the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These rules were amended by publication of final rules about January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management plan (FMP) amendment, and depth the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Affects from certain fishing techniques and coastal and nautical development and may alter, damage, or destroy habitats necessary for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management local authorities (FMCs), and other federal firms work together to minimize these hazards.|13| Congress has established councils to classify unfavorable influences on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, seaside developments and non-point and point source pollution, and also, evaluating how well every single fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed varieties. As new FMPs will be developed, EFH for newly managed species will also be described.|14| FMPs must describe and identify EFH for the fishery, reduce to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing on EFH, and identify other actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can recommend ways federal agencies can avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions on the habitat of federally handled commercial and recreational the fishing industry.|16| Federal actions agencies which fund, permit, or carry out activities which may adversely affect EFH must consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal action agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an assessment of all actions or suggested actions authorized, funded, or undertaken by the agency which may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA Fisheries will provide the federal actions agency with EFH Conservation recommendations.|19| These Conservation Recommendations provide information on steer clear of, minimize, mitigate, or balance those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies must provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if some of these recommendations have not been adopted.|21| NOAA The fishing industry must also include measures to minimize the adverse effects of fishing gear and fishing actions on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA The fishing industry and the FMCs may comment on and make recommendations to the state agency on their activities which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done inside the NMFS regional offices: Greater Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Business office (SERO), West Coast Regional Office (WCRO), Alaska Territorial Office (AKRO), and Ocean Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State firms and private landowners are not forced to consult with NMFS. EFH discussions are required if the federal government provides authorized, funded, or carried out part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely have an impact on EFH.|24| Badly affecting EFH includes direct or indirect physical, substance or biological alterations with the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to varieties and their habitat, and other environment components, or reduction with the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Habitat areas of particular concern or HAPCs are considered high priority areas for conservation, management, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit special attention because they meet at least one of the following some criteria:
provide important ecological function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a an environment type that is/will become stressed by development;
include a habitat type that is rare.|27|
Current HAPCs incorporate important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, between other areas of interest. HAPCs are afforded the same regulatory security as EFH and do not exclude activities from occurring inside the area, such as fishing, diving, swimming or surfing.
Necessary Fish Habitat is specified for all federally managed seafood under the MSA whereas Critical Habitat is designated intended for the survival and restoration of species listed because threatened or endangered beneath the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical g?te include areas occupied by the threatened or endangered variety that include physical and scientific features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is certainly designated as critical at the time a species is listed under the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat are different in terms of designation and regulations, but they may overlap for many species such as salmon.|32|
Natural environment characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures root the water surface, and aquatic community structures. These case are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental home structure begins with sediment. Erosion is stabilized simply by submerged aquatic vegetation. You will discover two main types of bottoms, hard and smooth.|33| A study simply by Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom natural environment types (vegetated marsh edge, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) in terms of juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the study showed that brown shrimp selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges after they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of teenage brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom delivers hard complex vertical composition for attachment of a sponge, seaweed, and coral, which support a diverse reef seafood community.|35| This kind of community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, various fin-fishes, alga, and a sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment are also a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft feet are not protected even though they are often primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Characteristics that affect soft bottom in relation to organisms that employ them include sediment hemp size, salinity, dissolved o2 and flow.
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