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Essential Fish Habitat
Necessary Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. S i9000. Congress in the 1996 amendments to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Resource efficiency and Management Act, or Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate needed to fish for spawning, breeding, nourishing or growth to maturity. "|1| Employing regulations clarified that lakes and rivers include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate incorporates the associated biological neighborhoods that make these areas well suited for fish habitats, and the information and identification of EFH should include habitats used any time during the species' life cycle.|2| EFH involves all types of aquatic habitat, including wetlands, coral reefs, fine sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management councils to designate EFH using the best available scientific info. EFH has been described for over a 1, 000 managed kinds to date.|4| The key purpose of EFH regulations should be to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non fishing impacts on EFH towards the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act was amended to establish a fresh requirements to identify and describe EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the advantage of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act possesses jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine fish species. Federal agencies need to consult with NOAA Fisheries once their actions or activities may adversely affect home identified by federal regional fishery management councils or NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On 12 19, 1997, interim final rules were published in the Federal Register (Vol. 62, No . 244) which designate procedures for implementation in the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These kinds of rules were amended by simply publication of final rules about January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management plan (FMP) amendment, and fine detail the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Impacts from certain fishing practices and coastal and maritime development and may alter, harm, or destroy habitats essential for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management local authorities (FMCs), and other federal businesses work together to minimize these hazards.|13| Congress has created councils to classify unfavorable effects on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coast developments and nonpoint and point source pollution, along with, evaluating how well every single fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed species. As new FMPs will be developed, EFH for newly managed species will also be described.|14| FMPs need to describe and identify EFH for the fishery, lessen to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing upon EFH, and identify other actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can recommend ways federal agencies can avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions within the habitat of federally managed commercial and recreational the fishing industry.|16| Federal actions agencies which fund, permit, or carry out activities that may adversely affect EFH are required to consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal actions agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an evaluation of all actions or proposed actions authorized, funded, or perhaps undertaken by the agency which may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA The fishing industry will provide the federal action agency with EFH Resource efficiency recommendations.|19| These kinds of Conservation Recommendations provide information on steer clear of, minimize, mitigate, or counteract those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies must provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if these recommendations have not been used.|21| NOAA Fisheries must also include measures to reduce the adverse effects of reef fishing gear and fishing actions on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA The fishing industry and the FMCs may comment on and make recommendations to the state agency on their actions which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done inside the NMFS regional offices: Better Atlantic Regional Fisheries Business office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Workplace (SERO), West Coast Regional Office (WCRO), Alaska Local Office (AKRO), and Pacific Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State companies and private landowners are not instructed to consult with NMFS. EFH meetings are required if the federal government features authorized, funded, or done part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely have an impact on EFH.|24| Adversely affecting EFH includes immediate or indirect physical, chemical substance or biological alterations of the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to types and their habitat, and other environment components, or reduction in the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Natural environment areas of particular concern or perhaps HAPCs are considered high priority areas for conservation, supervision, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit attention because they meet in least one of the following 4 criteria:
provide important environmental function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a environment type that is/will come to be stressed by development;
add a habitat type that is exceptional.|27|
Current HAPCs include important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, between other areas of interest. HAPCs are afforded the same regulatory coverage as EFH and do not leave out activities from occurring in the area, such as fishing, diving, swimming or surfing.
Fundamental Fish Habitat is specified for all federally managed seafood under the MSA whereas Critical Habitat is designated pertaining to the survival and restoration of species listed while threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical demeure include areas occupied by the threatened or endangered types that include physical and neurological features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat is certainly designated as critical during the time a species is listed underneath the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat differ in terms of designation and regulations, but they may overlap for sure species such as salmon.|32|
An environment characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures root the water surface, and aquatic community structures. These refuge are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental home structure begins with residue. Erosion is stabilized by simply submerged aquatic vegetation. There are two main types of bottoms, hard and smooth.|33| A study simply by Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom home types (vegetated marsh advantage, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) in terms of juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the analysis showed that brown shrimp selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and they would select vegetated areas over marsh edges when they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of teenage brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom gives hard complex vertical structure for attachment of a dry sponge, seaweed, and coral, which support a diverse reef fish community.|35| This community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, a variety of fin-fishes, alga, and a sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment also are a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft bottoms are not protected even though they might be primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Attributes that affect soft starting in relation to organisms that make use of them include sediment materials size, salinity, dissolved air and flow.
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